日期:2023-06-15 09:53 點(diǎn)擊:
一.英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)
1、 as…as…結(jié)構(gòu):你和湯姆是一樣好的孩子。
You’re a boy as good as Tom.=You’re as good a boy as Tom.
2、 (1)too…to與 so…that sb. can’t…的句型轉(zhuǎn)換:前者為簡(jiǎn)單句,主語(yǔ)只有一個(gè),而后者為復(fù)合句,主語(yǔ)有兩個(gè),試比較:
The man was too angry to be able to speak.
The man was so angry that he wasn’t able to speak.
(2) too…to…與 not enough to句型的轉(zhuǎn)換:
He is too young to get married.=He is not old enough to get married.
The book is too difficult for me to read.=
The book is not easy enough for me to read.
3、 形容詞原級(jí)表示比較級(jí)含義:
約翰不象邁克那么苯。
John is not so stupid as Mike.
John is less stupid than Mike.
John is cleverer than Mike.
4、 用比較級(jí)表示最高級(jí):約翰是班里最高的男生。
John is taller than any other boy in the class.
John is the tallest boy in the class.
5、 the more….. the more….表示“越……越……”:
The more books you read, the wider your knowledge is.
The more food you eat, the fatter you are.
6、 more and more….表示“越來(lái)……越……”:
More and more students realized the importance of a foreign language.
Our country is getting stronger and stronger.
二.中考考點(diǎn)—詞組
1. after, in 這兩個(gè)介詞都可以表示“……(時(shí)間)以后”的意思
after 以過(guò)去為起點(diǎn),表示過(guò)去一段時(shí)間之后,常用于過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)的句子中?
如:She went after three days. 她是三天以后走的
in 以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn),表將來(lái)一段時(shí)間以后,常用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)的句子中
如:She will go in three days. 她三天以后要走
2. how long, how often, how soon
how long指多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,主要用來(lái)對(duì)一段時(shí)間(如three days, four weeks 等)提問(wèn)?如:How long ago was it? 這是多久前的事了?
how often指每隔多久,主要用來(lái)對(duì)頻率副詞或狀語(yǔ)(如once a week等)提問(wèn)?如:—How often does he come here? —Once a month. 他(每隔)多久來(lái)一次?每月一次。
how soon指再過(guò)多久,主要用來(lái)對(duì)表示將來(lái)的一段時(shí)間(in an hour, in two weeks 等)提問(wèn)?如:How soon can you come? 你多快能趕來(lái)?
3. few, a few, little, a little, several, some
few 和little的意思是否定的,表示“很少”或“幾乎沒(méi)有”;而a few和a little的意思是肯定的,表示“有一些,有一點(diǎn)兒”
few 和 a few修飾可數(shù)名詞;little 和 a little 修飾不可數(shù)名詞
several用于修飾可數(shù)名詞,語(yǔ)意比a few和some更肯定,含有“好幾個(gè)”的意思
some可修飾可數(shù)名詞,也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞,從數(shù)量上說(shuō),它有時(shí)相當(dāng)于a few 或 a little,有時(shí)指更多一些的數(shù)量
4. the other, another
the other 指兩個(gè)人或事物中的“另一個(gè)”,表示特指?如:We stood on one side of the road and they stood on the other. 我們站在街這邊,他們站在那邊
another著重于不定數(shù)目中的“另外一個(gè)”,表示泛指,所以常用來(lái)指至少三個(gè)中的一個(gè)?如:She has taken another of my books. 她已經(jīng)拿了我的另外一本書(shū)
5. spend, take, cost, pay
spend的賓語(yǔ)通常是時(shí)間?金錢(qián)?在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中,句子的主語(yǔ)必須是人,而且后面不能用動(dòng)詞不定式做它的賓語(yǔ)?如:She spent the whole evening in reading. 她把整個(gè)晚上用來(lái)讀書(shū)
take常常用來(lái)指“花費(fèi)”時(shí)間,句子的主語(yǔ)通常是表示事物的詞語(yǔ)?如:How long will this job take you?你做這項(xiàng)工作要花多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間?
cost 指花費(fèi)時(shí)間?金錢(qián)或力氣等,只能用表示事物的詞做主語(yǔ),并且不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)?如:How much does the jacket cost?這件夾克多少錢(qián)?
pay 主要指主語(yǔ)(某人)買(mǎi)某物(或?yàn)槟呈?付多少錢(qián)(給某人)?如:I pay for my rooms by month. 我按月支付租金
6. among, between
between 的意思是“在……中間,在……之間”,一般指在兩者之間?如:There is a table between two windows. 在兩扇窗戶(hù)之間有一張桌子。
between 有時(shí)也表示在多于兩個(gè)以上的事物之間,但那是指在每二者之間。如:the relationship between different provinces and municiplities 省市和省市之間的關(guān)系(這里是指每?jī)蓚€(gè)省市之間的相互關(guān)系?)
7. beat, win
這兩個(gè)詞都有“獲勝,打敗”的意思,但其后賓語(yǔ)不同?beat是“打敗,優(yōu)于”的意思,后面接人或隊(duì)?如:We beat them. 我們打敗了他們。
win指“贏,獲勝”,后面接比賽?名次?如:We won the match/game/race/the first place. 我們贏了這場(chǎng)比賽(獲得了第一名)。
8. agree with, agree on, agree to
agree on表示“就……取得一致意見(jiàn)”?如:We all agree on (making) an early start. 我們一致同意及早出發(fā)?
agree with表示“與……意見(jiàn)一致”,后面既可以跟表示人的名詞或人稱(chēng)代詞,也可以跟表示意見(jiàn)。看法的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的從句?。如:I agree with you without reservation.我毫無(wú)保留地同意你的意見(jiàn)。We agree with what you said just now.我們同意你剛才所說(shuō)的意見(jiàn)。
agree to后面不能接人,只能接“提議,計(jì)劃,方案”等詞句?如:I agree to the terms proposed. 我同意擬議的條件。
9. bring, take, carry,fetch
這四個(gè)詞都是動(dòng)詞,都含有“帶”或“拿”的意思,但使用的場(chǎng)合各不相同。
bring作“帶來(lái),拿來(lái)”解?如:Next time don’t forget to bring me a copy of your work. 下次不要忘了把一份你的作品帶給我。
take是bring的對(duì)語(yǔ),作“帶去,拿去”解?如:Take the box away, please. 請(qǐng)把盒子拿走。
carry表示“運(yùn)載,攜帶”之意,運(yùn)送的方式很多,可以用車(chē)、船,也可以用手甚至用頭。如:This bus is licensed to carry 100 passengers. 這輛巴士準(zhǔn)載一百人。
fetch則表示“去拿來(lái)”的意思。如:Please fetch me the documents in that room. 請(qǐng)到那間房間去把文件拿來(lái)給我。
10. each, every
兩詞都是“每個(gè)”的意思,但著重點(diǎn)不同。each著重個(gè)別的情況,every著重全體,有“所有的”的意思。如:She knows each student of the class.她認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)班里的每一個(gè)學(xué)生。She knows every student of the class.她認(rèn)識(shí)這個(gè)班所有的學(xué)生。
11. no one, none
no one指“沒(méi)有人(只能指人,不能用來(lái)指物)”,意思與nobody相同,作主語(yǔ)時(shí)不必跟of連用,如:No one believes him since he is not honest. 沒(méi)有人相信他,因?yàn)樗徽\(chéng)實(shí)。No one else but I went. 除我以外,誰(shuí)也沒(méi)去。
none指“一個(gè)也沒(méi)有(既可指人,也可指物)”,作主語(yǔ)時(shí)代替不可數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式;代替可數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單、復(fù)數(shù)都可以。但在“主+系+表”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果表語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù),則系動(dòng)詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:None of us are(is) afraid of difficulties. 我們誰(shuí)也不怕困難。
12. go on doing, go on to do, go on with
這三個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)都有“繼續(xù)做某事”的意思,其區(qū)別如下:go on doing表示“繼續(xù)做,一直在做某事(中間無(wú)間斷)”;go on to do表示“接著做某事”,即某事已做完,接著做另一件事;go on with也表示“繼續(xù)做某事”,其含義是某一動(dòng)作一度中止后,又繼續(xù)下去。
13. too much, much too
二者都有“太,非常”之意,much too為副詞詞組,修飾形容詞?副詞,不可修飾動(dòng)詞。如:It’s much too cold.天氣實(shí)在是太冷了。
too much作“太多”講,有以下三種用法?
(1)作名詞詞組 如:You have given us too much. 你給我們的太多了。
(2)作形容詞詞組修飾不可數(shù)名詞 如:Don’t drink too
much wine. 不要飲太多的酒
(3)作副詞詞組修飾不及物動(dòng)詞 如:She talks too much. 她說(shuō)話(huà)太多
14. happen, take place與occur
happen有“偶然”的意思,多用于客觀(guān)事物?情況的發(fā)生?。如:Whatever has happened to your arm? It’s all swollen. 你的手臂怎么了?腫得好歷害!
occur 指有計(jì)劃地使某些事“發(fā)生”,有時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)“呈現(xiàn)”于人的知覺(jué)中。如:Did it occur to you to phone them about it?你難道沒(méi)想到就這事給他們打個(gè)電話(huà)?
事件作主語(yǔ)時(shí),happen和occur可以通用?如:The accident happened/occurred yesterday. 事故是昨天發(fā)生的。
take place 指事件發(fā)生,但常用來(lái)表示“舉行”的意思,帶有非偶然性?例如:The meeting took place last night.會(huì)議昨晚舉行。
15. in front of, in the front of
in front of的意思是“在……前面”。如:There is a tree in front of the house.房子前面有一棵樹(shù)。
in the front of的意思是“在……前部”,指在某個(gè)空間范圍內(nèi)的前面。如:There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom. 教室里前部有一塊黑板
16. noise, voice, sound
這三個(gè)詞都作“聲音”解,在表示“聽(tīng)到聲音”這個(gè)意思時(shí),三者可以通用,但它們又各有特定的含義。
sound 作“聲音”解,含義最廣,指可以聽(tīng)到的任何聲音,如:a weak sound 微弱的聲
noise作“噪音,嘈雜聲,吵鬧聲”解,指不悅耳,不和諧的聲音,它既可作可數(shù)名詞,也可作不可數(shù)名詞。如:Another kind of pollution is noise. 另外一種污染是噪音。
voice 作“聲音”解時(shí),多指人發(fā)出的聲音,包括說(shuō)話(huà)聲、歌聲和笑聲。如:He shouted at the top of voice. 他高聲呼喊。有時(shí)也用于引申意義,作“意見(jiàn)、發(fā)言權(quán)”解。如:I have no voice in the matter. 對(duì)于這件事,我沒(méi)有發(fā)言權(quán)。
17. arrive, get, reach
三者均可表示“到達(dá)”,arrive后通常接介詞at(一般用于較小的地方)或 in(一般用于較大的地方)?如:We arrived at the station five minutes late. 我們晚了5分鐘到車(chē)站?又如:They will arrive in Paris next Monday. 他們將于下周星期一到達(dá)巴黎?
get之后通常接介詞to。如:When we got to the park, it began to rain. 我們到達(dá)公園時(shí),就開(kāi)始下雨了。
reach是及物動(dòng)詞(較 get更正式),其后可直接跟地點(diǎn)名詞做賓語(yǔ)(不能用介詞)。如:He reached Beijing yesterday. 他昨天到達(dá)北京。
三.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞
1.考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表示“推測(cè)”的用法
[考點(diǎn)快憶](méi) 表示肯定推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有:must“一定;準(zhǔn)是”,may“也許;可能”,might“或許”;表示否定推測(cè)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有:can't“不可能”, couldn't“不會(huì)”,may not“也許不”,might not“或許不”;can表示推測(cè)時(shí)不用于肯定句,may表示推測(cè)時(shí)不用于疑問(wèn)句。
2.考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞引起的一般疑問(wèn)句的答語(yǔ)
[考點(diǎn)快憶](méi) 回答must時(shí),肯定答語(yǔ)用must,否定答語(yǔ)用needn't或don't have to?;卮餹eed時(shí),肯定答語(yǔ)用must,否定答語(yǔ)用needn't?;卮餸ay時(shí),肯定答語(yǔ)用may,否定答語(yǔ)用mustn't 或can't。
3.考查情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的意義
[考點(diǎn)快憶](méi) must “必須”;have to“不得不”;need “必須;需要”;can(could)“能;可能”;may (might) “可以;可能”;shall,will (would)“將;會(huì);愿意;要”;should“應(yīng)當(dāng)”。
“had better (not) + 動(dòng)詞原形”表示建議;have to / has to / had to的否定,疑問(wèn)形式要借助于助動(dòng)詞do / does / did。
四. There be 的句子結(jié)構(gòu)
There be是一個(gè)“存在”句型,表示“有”的意思,
肯定句的形式為:There be + 名詞(單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù))+地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
be動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)的確定,看be后邊第一個(gè)名詞,當(dāng)所接主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)或不可數(shù)名詞時(shí),be動(dòng)詞形式為is;當(dāng)所接主語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),be動(dòng)詞為are;當(dāng)be動(dòng)詞后接兩個(gè)以上主語(yǔ)時(shí),be動(dòng)詞與最臨近主語(yǔ)保持?jǐn)?shù)上的一致。意思為“某地有某人或某物”。如:
There is an eraser and two pens on the desk. 桌子上有一塊橡皮和兩支鋼筆。
There are two pens and an eraser on the desk. 桌上有兩支鋼筆和一塊橡皮。
(1)there be的否定句,即在be的后面加上not。
否定形式為:There be + not + (any) + 名詞+地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。
There is not any cat in the room. 房間里沒(méi)貓。
There aren't any books on the desk. 桌子上沒(méi)書(shū)。
(2)there be句型的疑問(wèn)句就是將be提到句首:Be there + (any) +名詞+地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
肯定回答:Yes, there is / are. 否定回答:No, there isn't / aren't.
-Is there a dog in the picture?畫(huà)上有一只狗嗎
-Yes, there is. 有。
-Are there any boats in the river?河里有船嗎
-No, there aren't. 沒(méi)有。
(3)特殊疑問(wèn)句:How many . . . are there (+地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ))
某地有多少人或物回答用There be . . .
There's one. / There are two / three / some . . .
有時(shí)直接就用數(shù)字來(lái)回答。One. / Two . . .
-How many students are there in the classroom?教室里有多少學(xué)生
-There's only one. / There are nine. 只有一個(gè)。/有九個(gè)。
(4)如果名詞是不可數(shù)名詞,用:How much + 不可數(shù)名詞 + is there + 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
How much water is there in the cup?杯中有多少水
五. 中考對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的考查:
1.定語(yǔ)從句的功用和結(jié)構(gòu)
在復(fù)合句中,修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語(yǔ)從句。被定從句修飾的詞叫做先行詞。定語(yǔ)從句必須放在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。例如:
This is the present that he gave me for my birthday
2.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的功用
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定于從句,在先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間起紐帶作用,使二者聯(lián)系起來(lái)。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞又在定語(yǔ)從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成分。關(guān)系待客做主語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ),定語(yǔ),關(guān)系副詞可作狀語(yǔ)。
(1)作主語(yǔ):關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱(chēng)和數(shù)須和先行詞一致。例如:
I don’t like people who talk much but do little.
The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.
(2) 作賓語(yǔ):She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.
The book that my grandmother gave me is called “The Great Escape”.
(3) 作定語(yǔ)
關(guān)系代詞whose在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)用。例如:
What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?
The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.
(4 )作狀語(yǔ)
I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
3. 各個(gè)關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的具體用法
(1) who 指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。例如:
The person who broke the window must pay for it.
The boy who is wearing the black jacket is very clever.
(2)whom指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)。例如:
Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate?
Mr Lee (whom) you want to see has come.
(3) whose 指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)。例如:
The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.
I know the boy whose father is a professor.
(4) which指物,在定語(yǔ)從中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。例如:
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.
Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.
(5)that多指物,有時(shí)也指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。例如:
I’ve read the newspaper that(which) carries the important news.
Who is the person that is reading the newspaper over there?
(6)when 指時(shí)間,在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。例如:
I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.
He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.
(7) where 指地點(diǎn),在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)。例如:
This is the house where we lived last year.
The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.
4. 關(guān)系代詞 whom, which 在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句之間,有時(shí)為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將 whom 與 which 與先行詞緊挨著書(shū)寫(xiě),而將介詞置于定語(yǔ)從句的后面,如:
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years. = That was the room
which we had lived in for ten years.
5. 具體使用時(shí)還要注意下列問(wèn)題:
(1) 只能使用that,不用which 的情況:
a.先行詞是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything 等不定代詞時(shí)。例如:
All that he said is true.
b. 先行詞被only, no, any, all,等詞修飾時(shí)。例如:
He is the only foreigner that has been to that place.
c.先行詞是序數(shù)詞或被序數(shù)詞修飾的詞。例如:
He was the second (person) that told me the secret.
d.先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾的詞。
This is the best book (that) I have read this year.
e. 先行詞既包括人又包括物時(shí)。例如:
He talked about the people and the things he remembered.
(2)只能用which,不用that 的情況:
a.在非限制性定語(yǔ)從中。例如:
The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.
b. 定語(yǔ)從句由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo),先行詞是物時(shí)。例如:
The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.
考查的主要形式是單項(xiàng)填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。閱讀理解和書(shū)面表達(dá)肯定也要用到定語(yǔ)從句。
思源教育(原上海交大思源進(jìn)修學(xué)院,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)思源教育)成立于1996年,自建校以來(lái),秉承校訓(xùn),提供專(zhuān)業(yè)的高考高復(fù)、三校生高復(fù)、藝考生文化課等,學(xué)生遍及全市各區(qū),至今已幫助六萬(wàn)多余名學(xué)子取得優(yōu)異成績(jī),成功考入理想的各級(jí)院校!20余年來(lái)思源已成為“中考教學(xué)研究中心”、“中學(xué)個(gè)性化學(xué)習(xí)教育基地”、“快速學(xué)習(xí)法”實(shí)驗(yàn)學(xué)校。
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