學(xué)好英語要從學(xué)句子成分和基本句型開始
日期:2022-11-18 13:04 點(diǎn)擊:
句子是寫作的基本單位,只有寫好句子才有可能寫好文章。英語的句子成分有8種
主語(subject)、謂語(predicate)、賓語(object)、表語(predicative)、定語(attribute)、狀語(adverbial)、補(bǔ)語(complement)和同位語(appositive)共八種
學(xué)會(huì)判斷句子成分對(duì)以后學(xué)習(xí)難句和理解文段奠定了基礎(chǔ)。
英語句子的構(gòu)成也有其特定的規(guī)律,掌握了句子的基本句型、常見句式和詞語的習(xí)慣搭配,就能寫出完整、正確的句子。
指出下列句子中劃線部分的句子成分并總結(jié)出該句的基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)。
1.They have worked for months and even years.
句型結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié):主語+謂語(不及物動(dòng)詞)
2.The film you see on the screen is the product of a huge amount of hard work
句型結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié):主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語
3. I didn’t understand all of the traditional customs at first.
句型結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié): 主語+謂語(及物動(dòng)詞)+賓語
4.Traditional festivals teach us a lot about our nation’s history
句型結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié): 主語+謂語(及物動(dòng)詞)+雙賓語(間接賓語+直接賓語)
5.Traditional festivals enable usto learn fine Chinese values
句型結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié): 主語+謂語+復(fù)合賓語(賓語+補(bǔ)語)
小結(jié):從以上的練習(xí)中可知英語中的句子成分包括:主語,謂語,賓語,表語,定語,狀語,賓語補(bǔ)語
6.He was seen playing basketball on the playgroundyesterday.(現(xiàn)在分詞短語作主語補(bǔ)足語)
1、主語: 說明句子所談的是:“什么人”或“什么物”,主語通常由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語充當(dāng)。EG:
Lucy likes her new car very much. 露西喜歡她的新車?!久~作主語】
He goes to and from schoolby bike every day.他每天都起得很早。(代詞作主語)
To learn English wellis a challenge.學(xué)好英語是一項(xiàng)挑戰(zhàn)性工作?!静欢ㄊ蕉陶Z作主語】
2、謂語: 說明主語“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么樣”,英語中謂語只能用動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。例如:
We workhard.我們努力工作。The boy caught a bird. 那個(gè)男孩逮住一只鳥。
He islike his father. 他像他父親。
注意:介詞不能作謂語,必須與be動(dòng)詞連用,構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu),一起作謂語。
謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)方面必須保持一致。EG:
Music isthe utmost pleasure in life.音樂是人生最大的快樂。
As I take each bite, the sweet and mild flavour of the red bean filling slowly fills my mouth.
3、賓語: 賓語是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。由名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語充當(dāng),說明主語做 “什么”。EG:
Tom bought a story-book.湯姆買了一本故事書?!久~作賓語】
I saw him yesterday. 昨天我看到他了?!敬~賓語】
He decidedto run away from home. 他決定離家出走?!静欢ㄊ蕉陶Z作賓語】
有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語,一個(gè)指人,一個(gè)指物,指人的叫作間接賓語,指物的叫直接賓語;合稱雙賓語。EG:
I boughtmy sona box of Mark pens last night. 他給了我一些墨水。
Our teacher told usaninteresting story. 老師給我們講了一個(gè)有趣的故事。
4、表語:說明主語“是什么”或“怎么樣”;與連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語,表語由名詞、形容詞、或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語等充當(dāng);用在系動(dòng)詞后面。EG:
I have been an English teacher since I graduated from university.
Terry seems in low spirits today.特瑞今天好像情緒低落?!窘樵~短語】
Tom’s dream has become true already. 湯姆的夢(mèng)想已經(jīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)?!拘稳菰~作表語】
5、定語:修飾名詞或代詞的成分,除形容詞外,還有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語都可以作定語。EG:
After years of hard work,his career began to take.
多年的努力工作之后,他的事業(yè)開始騰飛?!拘稳菰~作定語】
Are these students your classmates? 這些學(xué)生是你班的嗎?【形容詞性物主代詞作定語】
Winter is the coldest season of the year.冬天是一年中最冷的季節(jié)?!窘樵~短語作定語】
The building to be built next year will be our new teaching building.
明年將要修建的建筑物將是我們的新教學(xué)樓?!静欢ㄊ阶鞫ㄕZ】
The people here are very friendly.這里的人們非常友好?!靖痹~作定語】
注意:?jiǎn)蝹€(gè)形容詞作定語時(shí)通常放在被修飾的詞之前。而介詞短語、不定式短語或副詞等作定語時(shí)則放在被修飾的詞之后。
6、狀語: 修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞,或修飾全句的成分叫狀語。作狀語的主要是副詞和介詞短語或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語等。EG:
Jack runs very fast. 杰克跑得很快。【副詞作狀語】
All these clothes are made by hand.shua。所有的這些衣服都是手工制作的。
She will arrive in Shanghaion Friday. 她將于星期五到達(dá)上海?!窘樵~短語作狀語】
To pass the weekly test, he is studying very hard. 為了通過周考,他正在努力學(xué)習(xí)。
7、賓語補(bǔ)足語: 有些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語后邊還需要有一個(gè)成分來說明賓語的情況,意思才能夠完整,這個(gè)成分叫賓語補(bǔ)足語。賓語和補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。EG:
They always call me Lao Yang.
You must keep the roomclean and tidy.
Mr. Yang invited me to visit his new house in Huaihua.
I hadmy old housepaintedlast week.
We found the girls in our classplaying gameson the playground ten minutes ago.
賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語【現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)】
一個(gè)句子有時(shí)不足以表達(dá)完整的意義,需要再添加一個(gè)成分用來補(bǔ)充說明主語的狀態(tài),特征和性質(zhì),這個(gè)成分就是主語補(bǔ)足語。常用來做補(bǔ)語的成分有形容詞,名詞,數(shù)詞,不定式,分詞和介詞短語。
Tired and sleepy, I went to bed.
賓語補(bǔ)足語所在句子變成了被動(dòng)語態(tài)后,賓語補(bǔ)足語就成了主語補(bǔ)足語。
I saw the kite up and down.(up and down是副詞做賓補(bǔ))
The kite was seen up and down.up and down是副詞做主補(bǔ))
同位語對(duì)前面的名詞或代詞作進(jìn)一步的解釋和補(bǔ)充,說明它指的是誰、或者是什么。
同位語大多數(shù)時(shí)候由名詞來充當(dāng),形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞和從句也可以作同位語。
You children must learn to say please and thank you.
你們這些孩子必須學(xué)會(huì)說請(qǐng)和謝謝。
I heard the news that our team had won.
考點(diǎn)對(duì)練1:指出下列句子中劃線部分的成分。(將劃線部分的句子成分寫在橫線上)
1.Jack and Tom are doing their homework now. 賓語
2.Betty plantedmany trees and flowerson her farm 謂語
3.The boy under the tree is a policeman. 表語
4.We went on a visit to the Great Wall last week? 狀語
5.Yangjing was my best friend in my childhood. 定語
6.He always walks in the park after supper with his wife. 狀語
7.Mary asked me to help her yesterday. 賓語補(bǔ)足語
8.I bought my girlfriend a gold ringon her birthday. 雙賓語
9.Mr. Wei remains a doctor. 謂語(系動(dòng)詞)
10.The boys and girls seemed excited when they heard the news. 系表結(jié)構(gòu)
簡(jiǎn)單句:由一個(gè)主語(或并列主語)和一個(gè)謂語(或并列謂語)所構(gòu)成的句子。簡(jiǎn)單句分為5種基本句型:
1.主語+謂語(主語 + 不及物動(dòng)詞)
例1:My little sister can swim very well. 我妹妹游泳游得很好。
例2:The planehas already arrived. 飛機(jī)已經(jīng)抵達(dá)。
2.主語+謂語+賓語(主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語)
例3:The poor passengers on the real Titanic saw the tip of the iceberg.
泰坦尼克號(hào)上可憐的乘客們看到了冰山的頂部。
例4:The company makes films . 這家公司制作電影。
例5:Stanley bought a flat last year. Stanley去年買了套公寓。
3.主語+系動(dòng)詞+表語(主語+連系動(dòng)詞+表語)
例6:My mother is a scientist. 我母親是個(gè)科學(xué)家。
例7:She looks young. 她看上去很年輕。
例8:The cake tastes very yummy. 這蛋糕嘗起來很美味。
4.主語+謂語+雙賓語(主語+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語+直接賓語)
例9:My mother bought me a dictionary yesterday. 我母親昨天給我買了本字典。
例10:Can you give me the math book? 你能給我那本數(shù)學(xué)書嗎?
例11:Will you tell us something about your school life?
你給我講講你們的學(xué)習(xí)生活,好嗎?
5.主語+謂語+復(fù)合賓語(主語+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+補(bǔ)語)
例12:We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我們必須保持教室干凈、整潔。
例13:My mother asks me to speak English as much as possible.
例14:I heard her singing happily in the room just now.
考點(diǎn)對(duì)練2:指出下列句子的基本類型
5.主語+謂語+復(fù)合賓語(賓 + 賓補(bǔ))
1.Plants need water and sun. 主+ 謂+賓
2.The flowersare so fresh and beautiful. 主 + 系 + 表
3.The sun rises in the east. 主 + 謂
4.He gave me some flowers. 主 + 謂 +間賓 +直賓
5.We should keep the classroom clean and tidy. 主 + 謂 + 賓 + 賓補(bǔ)
6.Many animals live in trees. 主 + 謂
7.Her mother looks very young. 主 + 系 + 表
8.She teaches us English. 主 + 謂 +間賓 +直賓
9.The children are jumping and laughing happily. 主 + 謂
10.Our teacher asked us to talk about thequestions in pairs. 主 + 謂 + 賓 + 賓補(bǔ)
11. He often tells me some interesting stories. 主 + 謂 +間賓 +直賓
12.The students must keep their eyes closed. 主 + 謂 + 賓 + 賓補(bǔ)
1、在語法填空題中,要注意分析句子成分,方能判斷空格中應(yīng)該填什么詞性。
2、在閱讀英語文章遇到長(zhǎng)句難句時(shí),要不斷培養(yǎng)分析句子成分,抓住句子的主干部分(主謂賓),方能理解好句子含義。
(一)、劃出下列高考真題中的句子的主()謂()賓/表語()
1.The hostels in Rome offer a bed in a dorm room for around $25 a night.【來自2021年新高考I卷】
2.Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the settlers who followed only a few decades
to decimate a large part of these resources.【來自2021年新高考I卷】
3.Under this Act, all waterfowl(水禽)hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carrya Federal Duck Stamp.【來自2021年新高考I卷】
翻譯:根據(jù)該法案,所有16歲及以上的水禽獵人必須每年購買并攜帶聯(lián)邦鴨郵票。
4.Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities.【來自2021年新高考I卷】 從句作賓語(賓語從句)
翻譯:研究表明,情感技能可能有助于提高這些品質(zhì)。
5.The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients. 【來自2021年新高考I卷】
翻譯:準(zhǔn)確理解他人的感受的能力可能會(huì)被醫(yī)生用來找到如何最好地幫助她的病人。
解析:要理解好這句話還要理解好句式“be used to do sth ”的含義,句式表示“被用來做某事”。
6.Take a view is a desirable annual competition for photographers from all comers of the UK and beyond. 【來自2021年全國甲卷】 【此句是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)】
翻譯:《采取一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)》對(duì)于所有來者的英國和其他地區(qū)的攝影師是一個(gè)讓人渴慕的年度競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。
解析:此句是省略句:beyond 后面省略了 all corners of the UK.
7.Officials at Port Lympne were delighted with the new arrival, especially as black rhinos are
known for being difficult to breed in captivity (圈養(yǎng)). 【來自2021年全國甲卷】
翻譯:林普恩港的官員們對(duì)新到來的到來感到高興,尤其是因?yàn)楹谙R匀︷B(yǎng)繁殖(圈養(yǎng))而聞名。
8.Without my beloved beaches and endless blue-sky days, I felt at a loss and out of place.【來自2021年全國甲卷】 主語 謂語 介詞短語作表語
翻譯:沒有我心愛的海灘和無盡的藍(lán)天,我感到不知所措和不自在。
解析:without.......一部分是介詞短語作狀語
9.Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing.【來自2021年全國甲卷】
翻譯:南岸位于泰晤士河?xùn)|部的一個(gè)拐彎處,是英國滑板運(yùn)動(dòng)的中心,滑板運(yùn)動(dòng)的不斷碰撞讓你會(huì)搖頭。
解析:此句主干是主系表結(jié)構(gòu)。Where引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語從句補(bǔ)充說明the center. 而at an eastern bend in the Thames部分是作主語補(bǔ)足語,補(bǔ)充說明Southbank的地理位置。
10.I have traveled back several times since, most recently this past spring.【來自2021年全國甲卷】
解析:此句是主謂結(jié)構(gòu),沒有賓語,因?yàn)閠ravel是不及物動(dòng)詞。
(注意分析空格處所充當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞郑緛碜?021年新高考I卷】
Going to Mount Huangshan reminds me of the popular Beatles’ song“The Long and Winding Road”.56is so breathtaking about the experience is the out-of-this-world scenes. The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we 57 (human) are.
The hot spring at the foot of the mountain is something you must try after the climb. It will
58(undoubted) help you get refreshed! The amazing thing about the spring is that the colder the temperature gets, the 59 (hot) the spring! Strange, isn’t it? But that’s how nature is — always leaving us 60(astonish).
What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it ____61____ (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place. Though it is the only unnatural thing on your way up the mountain, still it highlights the whole adventure 62offers a place where you can sit down to rest your 63 (ache) legs.
As the song goes, this long and winding road “will never disappear”, and it will always stick in the visitor’s memory. It sure does in 64(I).While you’re in China, Mount Huangshan is 65 must to visit!
56. What 句意:這次經(jīng)歷的驚人之處在于這世界之外的景色。此處是主語從句,從句缺乏主語,應(yīng)用what引導(dǎo),指代“經(jīng)歷的事情”。故填What。
57. humans 句意:當(dāng)你站在黃山山頂看見波濤洶涌般的云海,你會(huì)想到我們?nèi)祟愂嵌嗝吹拿煨 ?/span>human是we的同位語,we為復(fù)數(shù),應(yīng)用human的復(fù)數(shù)形式。故填humans。
58. undoubtedly 句意:它無疑會(huì)幫助你恢復(fù)精神!修飾動(dòng)詞help,應(yīng)用副詞undoubtedly“毫無疑問地”,作狀語。故填undoubtedly。
59. hotter 句意:關(guān)于黃山溫泉讓人驚訝的是,氣溫越低,溫泉越暖和。此處是固定結(jié)構(gòu)“the +比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)”,意為“越……,越……”。故填hotter,在句中作表語,與the colder并列。
60. astonished 句意:但大自然就是這樣—總是讓我們驚訝。此處是“leave +賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語”,補(bǔ)充說明賓語us的感受,應(yīng)用-ed結(jié)尾形容詞。故填astonished。
61. was 句意:你不禁會(huì)想,對(duì)當(dāng)時(shí)的人們來說,把這些石頭都安置好有多難。分析句子可知,“how hard it 61 (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place”作wonder的賓語,it是從句的形式主語,不定式為真正主語,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,安置臺(tái)階的石頭為陳述過去的事情,應(yīng)用一般過去時(shí)。故填was。
62. and 句意:雖然在上山的路上,這是唯一不自然的事情,但它仍然突出了整個(gè)冒險(xiǎn),并且提供了一個(gè)你可以坐下來休息你疼痛的雙腿的地方。分析句子可知,“highlights the whole adventure”與“offers a place”部分為并列關(guān)系,都是作it的謂語,故用并列連詞and。
63. aching 句意:雖然在上山的路上,這是唯一不自然的事情,但它仍然突出了整個(gè)冒險(xiǎn),并且提供了一個(gè)你可以坐下來休息你疼痛的雙腿的地方。分析句子及語境可知,此處應(yīng)用形容詞aching“疼痛的”修飾名詞legs,作定語,意為“疼痛的雙腿”。故填aching。
64. mine 句意:正如歌中所唱,這條漫長(zhǎng)而曲折的道路“永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)消失”,它將永遠(yuǎn)留在游客的記憶中。對(duì)我來說確實(shí)如此。根據(jù)前一句“it will always stick in the visitor's memory”可知,本句為does指代前一句的stick,本句缺乏賓語,應(yīng)用名詞性物主代詞mine指代my memory。故填mine。
65. a句意:當(dāng)你在中國的時(shí)候,黃山是一個(gè)你一定要去的地方。must作名詞時(shí),意為“絕對(duì)必要的事物”,為可數(shù)名詞,此處泛指“一個(gè)必須去的地方”,應(yīng)用不定冠詞,must是以輔音音素開頭的詞,應(yīng)用a。故填a。